SAGE Journals Online
Advertisement
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Advertisement

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by de Kam, P. J
Right arrow Articles by van Gilst, W. H
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by de Kam, P. J
Right arrow Articles by van Gilst, W. H
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Reviews

Review: The revised role of ACE-inhibition after myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic/primary PCI era

Pieter J de Kam

Organon, Oss, The Netherlands

Adriaan A Voors

Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands, a.a.voors{at}thorax.azg.nl

Francesco Fici

Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Experimental Medicine, 2nd University of Naples, Italy

Dirk J van Veldhuisen

Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands

Wiek H van Gilst

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

Many studies have investigated the process of left ventricular (LV) dilatation and the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors after myocardial infarction (MI). It has been generally accepted that progression of LV dilatation is a major predictor of heart failure and death after MI. Also, attenuation of LV dilatation is thought to be one of the main mechanisms by which ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) produce their beneficial effects. However, evidence for this hypothesis came from studies that were performed before thrombolytic therapy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were routinely used after acute MI. Nowadays, reperfusion is obtained much more frequently and LV dilatation after MI has become less prevalent. Nevertheless, ACE-Is proved effective in reducing cardiac morbidity and mortality. Therefore, mechanisms other than attenuation of LV dilatation, such as anti-atherosclerotic effects or plaque stabilisation, may explain the long-term beneficial effects of ACE-Is after MI.

In the present overview, we evaluate the role of LV dilatation and the effects of ACE-Is after MI in the thrombolytic/primary PCI era and provide recommendations on ACE-I use in clinical practice.

Key Words: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor • acute myocardial infarction • remodelling • secondary prevention

References

  • Kannel WB, Sorlie P., McNamara PM Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:53-9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation 1987;76:44-51.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Marino P., Zanolla L., Zardini P. Effect of streptokinase on left ventricular modeling and function after myocardial infarction: the GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1149-58.[Abstract]
  • Serruys PW, Simoons ML, Suryapranata H. et al. Preservation of global and regional left ventricular function after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:729-42.[Abstract]
  • Bassand JP, Machecourt J., Cassagnes J. et al. Multicenter trial of intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) in acute myocardial infarction: effects on infarct size and left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:988-97.[Abstract]
  • Koren G., Weiss AT, Hasin Y. et al. Prevention of myocardial damage in acute myocardial ischemia by early treatment with intravenous streptokinase. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1384-9.[Abstract]
  • Simoons ML, Serruys PW, van den BM et al. Early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: limitation of infarct size and improved survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:717-28.[Abstract]
  • O'Neill W., Timmis GC, Bourdillon PD et al. A prospective randomized clinical trial of intracoronary streptokinase versus coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1986;314:812-8.[Abstract]
  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E., Moye LA et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-77.[Abstract]
  • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821-8.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ambrosioni E., Borghi C., Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:80-5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Kober L.,Torp-Pedersen C., Carlsen JE et al.A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • de Kam PJ, Voors AA, van den Berg MP et al. Effect of very early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular dilation after myocardial infarction in patients receiving thrombolysis: results of a meta-analysis of 845 patients. FAMIS, CAPTIN and CATS Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:2047-53.
  • Nicolosi GL, Latini R., Marino P. et al.The prognostic value of predischarge quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements and the effects of early lisinopril treatment on left ventricular structure and function after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 Trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1646-56.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • McKay RG, Pfeffer MA, Pasternak RC et al. Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion. Circulation 1986;74:693-702.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Ertl G., Gaudron P., Eilles C., Kochsiek K. Serial changes in left ventricular size after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:116D-120D.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH Infarct expansion versus extension: two different complications of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1978;41: 1127-32.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Eaton LW, Weiss JL, Bulkley BH, Garrison JB, Weisfeldt ML Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. N Engl J Med 1979;300:57-62.[Abstract]
  • Visser CA, David GK, Meltzer RS et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography during PTCA. Am Heart J 1986;111:1035-41.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gaudron P., Eilles C., Ertl G., Kochsiek K. Early remodeling of the left ventricle in patients with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1990;11(Suppl B):139-46.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Weisman HF, Bush DE, Mannisi JA, Wiesfeldt ML, Healy B. Cellular mechanism of myocardial infarct expansion. Circulation 1985;57:186-201.
  • Erlebacher JA, Weiss JL, Eaton LW, Kallman C., Weisfeldt ML, Bulkley BH Late effects of acute infarct dilation on heart size: a two dimensional echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1120-6. Clinical implications. Circulation 1990;81: 1161-72.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Fletcher PJ, Pfeffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Left ventricular diastolic pressure volume relations in rats with healed myocardial infarction.Circ Res 1981;49:618-26[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Erlebacher JA, Weiss JL, Wiesfeldt ML, Bulkley BH Late effects of acute myocardial Y dilaation on heart size: A two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am J Physiol 1982; 49:1120-6.
  • Sharpe N., Murphy J., Smith H., Hannan S. Treatment of patients with symptomless left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Lancet P 1988;1:255-9.
  • Rumberger JA Ventricular dilatation and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69:664-74.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA et al. Effect of intravenous streptokinase on left ventricular function and early survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1987;317:850-5.[Abstract]
  • Bates ER, Califf RM, Stack RS et al. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI-1) trial: influence of infarct location on arterial patency, left ventricular function and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:12-8.[Abstract]
  • Sheehan FH, Doerr R., Schmidt WG et al. Early recovery of left ventricular function after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: an important determinant of survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:289-300.[Abstract]
  • Lotan C., Gurevitz J., Mosseri M. et al. Changes in ventricular function and coronary stenosis after successful intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1988;75:419-30.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator given up to 4 hours after onset of myocardial infarction. National Heart Foundation of Australia Coronary Thrombolysis Group. Lancet 1988;1:203-08.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Zijlstra F., Boer de MJ, Hoorntje et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;328:680-4.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Califf RM,Topol EJ, Gersh BJ From myocardial salvage to patient salvage in acute myocardial infarction: the role of reperfusion therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1382-8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Nidorf SM, Siu SC, Galambos G., Weyman AE, Picard MH Benefit of late coronary reperfusion on ventricular morphology and function after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:683-91.[Abstract]
  • Golia G., Marino P., Rametta F. et al. Reperfusion reduces left ventricular dilatation by preventing infarct expansion in the acute and chronic phases of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1994;127:499-509.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Topol EJ Validation of the early open infarct vessel hypothesis. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:40G-45G.
  • Kim CB, Braunwald E. Potential benefits of late reperfusion of infarcted myocardium. The open artery hypothesis. Circulation 1993;88:2426-36.[Free Full Text]
  • Touchstone DA, Beller GA, Nygaard TW, Tedesco C., Kaul S. Effects of successful intravenous reperfusion therapy on regional myocardial function and geometry in humans: a tomographic assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1506-13.[Abstract]
  • Kam de PJ, Nicolosi GL, Voors AA et al. Prediction of 6 months left ventricular dilatation after myocardial infarction in relation to cardiac morbidity and mortality. Eur Heart J 2002;23:536-42.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Sharpe N., Murphy J., Smith H., Hannan S. Preventive treatment of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1990;11(Suppl B):147-56.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA,Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, Braunwald E. Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988;319:80-6.[Abstract]
  • Sogaard P., Gotzsche CO, Ravkilde J.,Thygesen K. Effects of captopril on ischemia and dysfunction of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;87:1093-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Sogaard P., Nogaard A., Gotzsche CO, Ravkilde J., Thygesen K. Therapeutic effects of captopril on ischemia and dysfunction of the left ventricle after Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1994;127:1-7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Galcera-Tomas J., Nuno de la Rosa JA, Torres-Martinez G. et al. Effects of early use of captopril on haemodynamics and short-term ventricular remodelling in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1993;14:259-66.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Oldroyd KG, Pye MP, Ray SG et al. Effects of early captopril administration on infarct expansion, left ventricular remodeling and exercise capacity after acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol 1991;68:713-18.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ray SG, Pye M., Oldroyd KG et al. Early treatment with captopril after acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1993;69: 215-22.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Bonarjee VV, Carstensen S., Caidahl K., Nilsen DW, Edner M., Berning J. Attenuation of left ventricular dilatation after acute myocardial infarction by early initiation of enalapril therapy. CONSENSUS II Multi- Echo Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1004-09.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sharpe N., Smith H., Murphy J., Greaves S., Hart H., Gamble G. Early prevention of left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition. Lancet 1991;337:872-6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kyriakidis MK, Petropoulakis PN, Georgiou EK et al. The effects of early captopril treatment on left ventricular volumes and function in patients with and without depressed global ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1692-700.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Schulman SP, Weiss JL, Becker LC et al. Effect of early enalapril therapy on left ventricular function and structure in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:764-70.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kleber FX, Sabin GV, Winter UJ et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing remodeling and development of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: results of the German multicenter study of the effects of captopril on cardiopulmonary exercise parameters (ECCE). Am J Cardiol 1997;80:162A-7A.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • van Gilst WH, Kingma JH, Peels KH, Dambrink JH, St John Sutton M. Which patient benefits from early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition after myocardial infarction? Results of one-year serial echocardiographic follow-up from the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:114-21.[Abstract]
  • Borghi C., Marino P., Zardini P., Magnani B., Collatina S., Ambrosioni E. Post acute myocardial infarction: the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study (FAMIS). Am J Hypertens 1997;10:247S-54S.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Darasz KH, Bayliss J., Underwood SR, Keegan J., Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton GC Left ventricular volume in thrombolysed patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction: the effect of captopril and xamoterol. IntJCardiol 1995;51:137-42.
  • French JK,Amos DJ,Williams BF et al. Effects of early captopril administration after thrombolysis on regional wall motion in relation to infarct artery blood flow. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:139-45.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1995;345:669-85.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Swedberg K., Held P., Kjekshus J., Rasmussen K., Ryden L., Wedel H. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 1992;327:678-84.[Abstract]
  • GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. Lancet 1994;343:1115-22.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet 1995;345:686-7.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lonn EM,Yusuf S., Jha Petal. Emerging role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiac and vascular protection. Circulation 1994;90:2056-69.[Free Full Text]
  • Dunn FG, Oigman W., Ventura HO et al. Enalapril improves systemic and renal haemadynamics and allows regression of left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:105-08.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mujais SK, Fouad FM,Tarazi RC Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy with captopril: heterogenicity of response among hypertensive patients. Clin Cardiol 1983;6:595-602.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dal Palu C., Pessina AC, Pagnan A. et al. Effect of captopril on left ventricular mass and function in hypertensive patients and in the rat. Postgrad Med J 1986;62(suppl 1):85-9.[Free Full Text]
  • Gilbert EM, Sandoval A., Larrabee P. et al. Lisinopril lowers cardiac adrenergic drive and increases β-receptor density in the failing human heart. Circulation 1993;88:472-80.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Ertl G., Kloner RA,Alexander RW, Braunwald E. Limitation of experimental infarct size by an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Circulation 1982;66:1249-55.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Van Gilst WH, de Graeff PA, Wesseling H., de Langen CDJ. Reduction of reperfusion arrhythmias in the ischemic isolated rat heart by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: a comparison of captopril, enalapril and HOE498. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986;8:722-8.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dambrink JHE, Beukema WP, Van Gils WH et al. Left ventricular dilatation and high-grade ventricular arrhythmias in the first year after myocardial infarction. J Cardiac Fail 1994;1:311.[CrossRef]
  • van den Heuvel AF, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ, de Vries RJ, Dunselman PH, Kingma JH Long-term anti-ischemic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients after myocardial infarction. The Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:400-05.[Abstract]
  • Brown NJ, Vaughan DE Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1411-20.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Linz W., Wiemer G., Golke P., Unger, Scholkens BA Contribution of kinins to the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 1995;47:25-49.[Abstract]
  • Grafe M., Auch-Schwelk W., Zakrzewicz A. et al.Angiotensin II-induced leukocyte adhesion on human coronary endothelial cells is mediated by E-selectin. Circ Res 1997;81:804-11.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Scalia R.,Appel JZ, LeferAM Leukocyte-endothelium interaction during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit: role of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Arteriorscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1093-100.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Itoh H., Mukoyama M., Pratt RE, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ Multiple autocrine growth factors modulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth response to angeotensin II. J Clin Invest 1993;91:2268-74.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Schini VB, Vanhoutte PM Role of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in vascular smooth muscle. Eur Heart J 1993;14 (Suppl I):16-21.[Abstract]
  • Loscalzo J. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of organic nitrates. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:18B-22B.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., Bosch J., Davies R., Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: Hrandomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362(9386):782-8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Braunwald E., Domanski MJ, Fowler SE et al., PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:205868.
  • Pitt B. ACE inhibitors for patients with vascular disease without left ventricular dysfunction - may they rest in PEACE? N Engl J Med 2004;351:2115-17.[Free Full Text]
  • Borghi C.,Ambrosioni E. Clinical aspects of ACE inhibition in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996;10:519-25.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Vol. 5, No. 4, 161-168 (2004)
DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2004.035
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by de Kam, P. J
Right arrow Articles by van Gilst, W. H
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by de Kam, P. J
Right arrow Articles by van Gilst, W. H
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Advertisement